Understanding Diabetes

Diabetes is a condition characterised by the body’s inability to regulate blood glucose levels effectively. The two primary types are:

• Type 1 Diabetes: An autoimmune condition where the body attacks insulin-producing cells, leading to little or no insulin production.
• Type 2 Diabetes: A metabolic disorder where the body becomes resistant to insulin or doesn’t produce enough, often associated with lifestyle factors.

For a detailed overview, refer to the article on Diabetes.

Types of Diabetic Emergencies

The two main emergencies associated with diabetes are:

Hypoglycaemia (Low Blood Sugar)

Occurs when blood glucose levels drop below normal. Causes include excessive insulin, missed meals, or intense physical activity. Symptoms encompass:

• Shakiness or trembling
• Confusion or irritability
• Sweating
• Blurred vision
• Fatigue
• Seizures or unconsciousness in severe cases

Hyperglycaemia (High Blood Sugar)

Results from elevated blood glucose levels, often due to insufficient insulin, overeating, stress, or illness. Symptoms include:

• Increased thirst
• Frequent urination
• Dry mouth
• Nausea or vomiting
• Fruity-smelling breath
• Shortness of breath

Immediate First Aid Steps

Responding effectively to diabetic emergencies involves:

For Hypoglycaemia:

1. Provide Fast-Acting Sugar: Offer 15-20 grams of simple carbohydrates such as glucose tablets, sugary drinks, or sweets.
2. Monitor the Individual: Observe for improvement over the next 10-15 minutes. If symptoms persist, repeat the sugar intake.
3. Follow Up with a Snack: Once stabilised, provide a snack containing complex carbohydrates and protein to maintain blood sugar levels.
4. Seek Medical Assistance: If the person becomes unconscious or doesn’t improve, call emergency services immediately.

For Hyperglycaemia:

1. Encourage Medication Adherence: If the individual has prescribed insulin or medication, assist them in taking the correct dose.
2. Hydrate: Provide water to help reduce blood sugar levels and prevent dehydration.
3. Monitor Symptoms: Keep a close watch on their condition. If symptoms worsen, seek medical assistance promptly.
4. Avoid Strenuous Activity: Physical exertion can elevate blood sugar levels further; encourage rest.

Preventing Diabetic Emergencies

To minimise the risk of emergencies:

• Regular Monitoring: Keep track of blood glucose levels as advised by healthcare professionals.
• Adhere to Medication Plans: Take insulin or other medications precisely as prescribed.
• Maintain a Balanced Diet: Follow a meal plan that aligns with medical recommendations.
• Educate Close Contacts: Ensure family, friends, and colleagues are aware of the signs of diabetic emergencies and know how to respond.
• Wear Medical Identification: Use a medical alert bracelet or necklace to inform others of your condition in case of an emergency.

Further Resources

Enhance your understanding and preparedness:

• Diabetes
• Recovery Position
• Adult CPR
• Anatomical Terminology

For comprehensive first aid training, consider enrolling in our First Aid at Work Annual Refresher (VTQ) course.